American Psychological Association (APA) Style

In Text (Parenthetical) Citation

Whenever possible, find a way to work the author's last name into the text, usually at the start of a sentence. Place the copyright year in parentheses immediately after the name. If the idea came from a specific page, place the page number in parentheses after the quote or paraphrase.

Susan Gilman (1993) explains that the portrayal of women in Ibsen's plays is a reflection of the general unease over women's shifting roles in society (42).

If the author's name is NOT mentioned in the text, place the author's last name and copyright year, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the quote or paraphrase.

The portrayal of women in Ibsen's plays is a reflection of the general unease over women's shifting roles in society (Gilman, 1993).

When a work has multiple authors up to five, cite all authors in the first citation, then list only the first author followed by et al in later citations. Use the ampersand (&) in the parenthetical citation.

First mention: Studies have shown that capital punishment has done little to lower the homicide rate in Texas' major cities (Marquart, Olsen & Sorenson, 1994).

Later citations: Though the crime rate in both Chicago and New York has dropped in recent years, Houston's has remained constant (Marquart et al, 1994).

If there is no author given use a shortened version or abbreviation of the title in the citation. Article or chapter titles should be in quotation marks, and book or periodical titles should be underlined. The date should also be included

The development of the monasteries across France added a much needed stability to the region ("Normans," 1987).

REFERENCES

In APA style, the bibliography page is titled References. The reference list should be alphabetized according to the first letter of each entry, either the author's last name, or the first major word of the title.

• DO NOT number the entries. DO NOT sort them by type of source.
• The reference list should be double-spaced and entries should be formatted using a hanging indent.
• Publication dates are given in year, Month day form - for example (2002, March 18)
• Online retrieval dates are given in Month day, year form - retrieved March 18, 2002 from http:
• If a web address must be divided between two lines, break it only after a slash.

The correct style to use for all the various types of citations is discussed in detail in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association - fifth edition. Look it up - follow the examples precisely.

References Achenbach, J. (2002, May 5). America's River. Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2004, from http://www.washingtonpost.com Adams, C. What would happen if I traveled at Mach 1? (2004). Retrieved October 21, 2004, from http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_116.html Allen, A. L. (1995). Privacy in health care. In W. T. Reich (Ed.). Encyclopedia of bioethics. (pp. 47-51). New York: Macmillan-Simon. City Profile: San Francisco. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2002, from http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/atevo/ city/SanFrancisco/intro.html. D-Day. (2004). In World History: the Modern Era (pp. 1-2). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. Retrieved March 10, 2005, from http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com Gilman, S. (Ed.). (1993). Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Kirtley, J. (2002). No sense of humor. American Journalism Review, 24, 62. Retrieved October 21, 2002, from http://www.ref.oclc.org Kluger, J. (2002, October 21). How science solves crimes. Time. Retrieved November 18, 2002, from http://www.time.com/issues/2002.html Lovecraft, H. P. (2000). The Rats in the Walls. In M. Baker (Ed.), Favorite Horror Stories (pp. 180-204). New York: Tekno. Mandarin. (1995). In Encyclopedia Americana (p. 224). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Marquart, J. W., Olson, S. E., & Sorenson, J. R. (1994). The rope, the chair, and the needle: capital punishment in Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press. Mohanty, J. M. (1987). Indian philosophy. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica:Macropaedia. (Vol. 12, pp. 202 - 247). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Noon. (1989). In The Oxford English dictionary. (Vol. 2, p. 1938). Oxford: Clarendon Press. The Normans and the rule of Normandy. (1987). In J. R. Strayer (Ed.) Dictionary of the middle ages. (Vol.10, pp. 287 - 290). New York: Scribner's. Owen, G.J.(Ed.). (2001) Readings on race in America. San Francisco: Sage Press. Vowell, S. (1998). American Lives. Boston: Farber. Vowell, S. (2002). The Partly Cloudy Patriot. New York: Simon.

Types of Sources of Information - APA style

Book: Basic Form Author. (Copyright date). Title of book. Publication City: Publisher.

Book - One author or editor:

Gilman, S. (1993). Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Owen, G.J.(Ed.). (2001) Readings on race in America. San Francisco: Sage Press.

Book - Multiple authors: When a work has two to six authors, cite all authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse all their names. If there are more than six authors, list the first six, and add et al. Use the ampersand (&).

Marquart, J. W., Olson, S. E., & Sorenson, J.R. (1994). The rope, the chair, and the needle: Capital punishment in Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Periodical: Basic Form Author. (Copyright date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol (No.), Pages.

Magazine:

Kirtley, J. (2002). No sense of humor. American Journalism Review, 24, 62.

Newspaper:

Achenbach, J. (2002, May 5). America's river. Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Short Work (chapter or article) from a larger collection: Basic Form Author. (Copyright date). Title of work. In Editor name (Ed.), Title of book. (pp. pages). Publication city: Publisher.

Lovecraft, H. P. (2000). The rats in the walls. In M. Baker (Ed.), Favorite horror stories (pp. 180- 204). New York: Tekno.

Reference Article - Dictionary, Encyclopedia: Basic Form Author (if given). (Copyright date). Title of article or entry. In Title of reference work. (Vol., pages). Publication city: Publisher.

Allen, A. L. (1995). Privacy in health care. In W. T. Reich (Ed.). Encyclopedia of bioethics. (pp. 47-51). New York: Macmillan-Simon. Mohanty, J. M. (1987).

Indian philosophy. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica:Macropaedia. (Vol. 12, pp. 202 - 247). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Noon. (1989). In The Oxford English dictionary. (Vol. 2, p. 1938). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

The Normans and the rule of Normandy. (1987). In J. R. Strayer (Ed.) Dictionary of the middle ages. (Vol.10, pp. 287 - 290). New York: Scribner's.

World Wide Web: Basic form Author (if given). (Date created). Title of web page or article. Retrieved date, from web address.

Web Page - with/without author, with/without date:

Adams, C. (2004). What would happen if I traveled at Mach 1? Retrieved October 21, 2004, from http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_116.html.

City Profile: San Francisco. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2002, from http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/atevo/ city/SanFrancisco/intro.html.

Online Article - magazine or newspaper: Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper or Magazine, Vol. Pages. (if given) Retrieved date from web address.

Kluger, J. (October 21, 2002). How science solves crimes. Time, 159, 36. Retrieved Nov. 18, 2004 from http:/www.time.com/issues/2002.html.

Achenbach, J. (May 5, 2002). America's river. Washington Post. Retrieved Nov. 20, 2004 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/May.html.

Periodical: Basic Form Author. (Copyright date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol (No.), Pages.

Online Journal Article - database:

Author. (Publication date). Title of article. Original Journal Title, Vol, Page(s). Retrieved date from Name of Database or address of database home page (if given).

Kirtley, J. (2002). No sense of humor. American Journalism Review, 24, 62. Retrieved October 21, 2002 from FirstSearch database.

Online Reference Article - Encyclopedia: Basic Form: Author (if given). (Copyright date). Title of article or entry. In Title of reference work. (Vol., pages). Publication city: Publisher. Retrieved date from web address.

D-Day. (2004). In World History: the Modern Era (pp. 11-12). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. Retrieved March 10, 2005, from http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com.